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Windows-1252

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This article is about the character encoding commonly mislabeled as "ANSI". For the actual ANSI character encoding, see ASCII. For the actual "ANSI extended Latin" encoding, see ANSEL.
Windows-1252
MIME / IANAwindows-1252[1]
Alias(es)cp1252 (code page 1252)
Language(s)All supported by ISO/IEC 8859-1 plus full support for French and Finnish and ligature forms for English; e.g. Danish (except for a rare exceptional letter), Irish, Italian, Norwegian, Portuguese, Spanish, Swedish, German (missing uppercase ẞ), Icelandic, Faroese, Luxembourgish, Albanian, Estonian, Swahili, Tswana, Catalan, Basque, Occitan, Rotokas, Toki Pona, Lojban, Romansh, Dutch (except the IJ/ij character, substituted by IJ/ij or ÿ), and Slovene (except the č character, substituted by ç).
Created byMicrosoft
StandardWHATWG Encoding Standard
Classificationextended ASCII, Windows-125x
ExtendsISO 8859-1 (excluding C1 controls)
Transforms / EncodesISO 8859-15
Succeeded byUnicode (UTF-8, UTF-16)

Windows-1252 or CP-1252 (Windows code page 1252) is a legacy single-byte character encoding[2] that is used by default (as the "ANSI code page") in Microsoft Windows throughout the Americas, Western Europe, Oceania, and much of Africa.[3]

Initially the same as ISO 8859-1, it began to diverge starting in Windows 2.0 by adding additional characters in the 0x80 to 0x9F (hex) range (the ISO standards reserve this range for C1 control codes). Notable additional characters include curly quotation marks and all printable characters from ISO 8859-15.

It is the most-used single-byte character encoding in the world. Although almost all websites now use the multi-byte character encoding UTF-8, as of December 2024 1.1%[4] of websites declared ISO 8859-1 which is treated as Windows-1252 by all modern browsers (as required by the HTML5 standard[5]), plus 0.3% declared Windows-1252 directly,[4][6] for a total of 1.4%. Some countries or languages show a higher usage than the global average, in 2024 Brazil according to website use, use is at 2.9%,[7] and in Germany at 2.5%[8][9] (these are the sums of ISO-8859-1 and CP-1252 declarations).

Name

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It is known to Windows by the code page number 1252, and by the IANA-approved name "windows-1252".

Historically, the phrase "ANSI Code Page" was used in Windows to refer to non-DOS encodings; the intention was that most of these would be ANSI standards such as ISO-8859-1. Even though Windows-1252 was the first and by far most popular code page named so in Microsoft Windows parlance, the code page has never been an ANSI standard. Microsoft explains, "The term ANSI as used to signify Windows code pages is a historical reference, but is nowadays a misnomer that continues to persist in the Windows community."[10]

LaTeX can input Windows-1252 by using inputenc.sty with parameter ansinew (and more recently cp1252). [11][12]

IBM uses code page 1252 (CCSID 1252 and euro sign extended CCSID 5348) for Windows-1252.[13][14][15]

It is called "WE8MSWIN1252" by Oracle Database.[16]

History

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  • The first version of the codepage was used in Microsoft Windows 1.0. It matched the ISO-8859-1 standard (including leaving code points 0xD7 and 0xF7 undefined, as they were not in the standard at that time).
  • The second version of the codepage was introduced in Microsoft Windows 2.0. In this version, code points 0xD7, 0xF7, 0x91, and 0x92 are defined.
  • The third version of the codepage was introduced in Microsoft Windows 3.1. It defined all code points used in the final version except the euro sign and the Z with caron character pair.
  • The final version (shown below) was introduced in Microsoft Windows 98.

Starting in the 1990s, many Microsoft products that could produce HTML included Windows-1252-exclusive characters, but marked the encoding as ISO-8859-1, ASCII, or undeclared.[citation needed] Characters exclusive to Windows-1252 would render incorrectly on non-Windows operating systems (often as question marks).[17][18] In particular, typographers' quotes—curly variants of the standard straight apostrophes and quotation marks in US-ASCII—were commonly used in files produced in Windows applications such as Microsoft Word due to the smart quotes feature, which can automatically convert straight apostrophes and quotation marks to the curly variants.[19] To fix this, by 2000 most web browsers and e-mail clients treated the charsets ISO-8859-1 and US-ASCII as Windows-1252[citation needed]—this behavior is now required by the HTML5 specification.[5] Undeclared charsets in HTML are also assumed to be Windows-1252.[20][21]

Although Windows NT supported Unicode and attempted to encourage programs to use it, it only provided the 16-bit code units of UCS-2/UTF-16, despite the existing support for other multibyte character encodings such as Shift-JIS. As many applications preferred to use 8-bit strings, Windows-1252 remained the most popular encoding on Windows. UTF-8 has been supported since Windows 10 so this is gradually changing.

Codepage layout

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The following table shows Windows-1252. Differences from ISO-8859-1 have the Unicode code point number below the character, based on the Unicode.org mapping of Windows-1252 with "best fit". A tooltip, generally available only when one points to the immediate right of the character, shows the Unicode code point name and the decimal Alt code.

Windows-1252 (CP1252)[22][23][24][25][26]
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 A B C D E F
0_ NUL SOH STX ETX EOT ENQ ACK BEL BS HT LF VT FF CR SO SI
1_ DLE DC1 DC2 DC3 DC4 NAK SYN ETB CAN EM SUB ESC FS GS RS US
2_  SP  ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . /
3_ 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 : ; < = > ?
4_ @ A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O
5_ P Q R S T U V W X Y Z [ \ ] ^ _
6_ ` a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o
7_ p q r s t u v w x y z { | } ~ DEL
8_ €
20AC 		‚
201A 		ƒ
0192 		„
201E 		…
2026 		†
2020 		‡
2021 		ˆ
02C6 		‰
2030 		Š
0160 		‹
2039 		Œ
0152 		Ž
017D
9_ ‘
2018 		’
2019 		“
201C 		”
201D 		•
2022 		–
2013 		—
2014 		˜
02DC 		™
2122 		š
0161 		›
203A 		œ
0153 		ž
017E 		Ÿ
0178
A_ NBSP ¡ ¢ £ ¤ ¥ ¦ § ¨ © ª « ¬ SHY ® ¯
B_ ° ± ² ³ ´ µ · ¸ ¹ º » ¼ ½ ¾ ¿
C_ À Á Â Ã Ä Å Æ Ç È É Ê Ë Ì Í Î Ï
D_ Ð Ñ Ò Ó Ô Õ Ö × Ø Ù Ú Û Ü Ý Þ ß
E_ à á â ã ä å æ ç è é ê ë ì í î ï
F_ ð ñ ò ó ô õ ö ÷ ø ù ú û ü ý þ ÿ

  According to the information on Microsoft's and the Unicode Consortium's websites, positions 81, 8D, 8F, 90, and 9D are unused; however, the Windows API MultiByteToWideChar maps these to the corresponding C1 control codes. The "best fit" mapping documents this behavior, too.[22]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Character Sets, Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), 2018-12-12
  2. ^ "Encoding. Living Standard". WHATWG. 13 June 2024. § 9. Legacy single-byte encodings. Retrieved 2024-06-28.
  3. ^ Karl-Bridge-Microsoft (2021-10-26). "Code Pages - Win32 apps". learn.microsoft.com. Retrieved 2024-10-09.
  4. ^ a b "Historical trends in the usage statistics of character encodings for websites, December 2024". w3techs.com. Retrieved 2024-12-16.
  5. ^ a b "Encoding". WHATWG. 27 January 2015. sec. 5.2 Names and labels. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  6. ^ "Frequenty Asked Questions". w3techs.com.
  7. ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use Brazil". W3Techs. Retrieved 2024-12-16.
  8. ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use .de". W3Techs. Retrieved 2024-12-16.
  9. ^ "Distribution of Character Encodings among websites that use German". W3Techs. Archived from the original on 4 April 2024. Retrieved 2024-12-16.
  10. ^ Wissink, Cathy (5 April 2002). "Unicode and Windows XP" (PDF). Microsoft. p. 1. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  11. ^ "LaTeX News, Issue 28" (PDF; 379 KB). The LaTeX Project. Apr 2018. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  12. ^ "Inputenc – Accept different input encodings". The LaTeX Project. 2024-02-08. Retrieved 2024-07-27.
  13. ^ "Code page 1252 information document". IBM. 30 September 1997. Archived from the original on 2016-03-03.
  14. ^ "CCSID 1252 information document". IBM. Archived from the original on 2016-03-26.
  15. ^ "CCSID 5348 information document". IBM. Archived from the original on 2014-11-29.
  16. ^ "Database Client Installation Guide". Oracle. Retrieved 2021-02-14.
  17. ^ Texin, Tex. "Comparing Characters in Windows-1252, ISO-8859-1, ISO-8859-15". I18nQA.com.
  18. ^ van Emden, Eva (28 January 2011). "How to make typographers' quotes in HTML". vancouvereditor.com. Retrieved 7 January 2024. If you use typographers' quotes without specifying the right character encoding for your HTML file, some of your viewers are going to see question marks, boxes, or other crazy symbols instead of the beautiful curly quotes you intended them to see.
  19. ^ "Smart quotes in Word". Microsoft Support. Microsoft. Retrieved 7 January 2024.
  20. ^ "NetWare Web Search: Understanding Character Set Encodings". Novell Documentation. Novell. if a document does not contain a CHARSET encoding value, the default encoding for HTML documents is ISO-8859-1, also known as Latin1. The default encoding for plain text documents is US-ASCII.
  21. ^ Observed behavior in Chrome, this may be UTF-8 in some browsers.[original research?]
  22. ^ a b "Unicode mappings of Windows-1252 with 'Best Fit'". Unicode. Archived from the original on 4 February 2015. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  23. ^ Code Page 01252 (PDF), IBM, 1998, archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2023
  24. ^ Code Page (CPGID) 01252 (txt), IBM, 1998, archived from the original on 8 April 2023
  25. ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-1252_P100-2000.ucm, 2002-12-03
  26. ^ International Components for Unicode (ICU), ibm-5348_P100-1997.ucm, 2002-12-03
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